{"id":2838,"date":"2021-04-22T00:49:32","date_gmt":"2021-04-22T00:49:32","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/noibo.phongkhamdaihocypnt.edu.vn\/bantin\/?p=2838"},"modified":"2021-04-22T00:49:33","modified_gmt":"2021-04-22T00:49:33","slug":"tim-hieu-cac-loai-vac-xin-covid-19","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/phongkhamdaihocypnt.edu.vn\/bantin\/?p=2838","title":{"rendered":"T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u1eafc xin COVID-19"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 12\/2020, tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 200 \u201c\u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean v\u1eafc xin\u201d (vaccine candidates) \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch COVID-19. Trong s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 52 \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean v\u1eafc xin \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n I \/ II, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n III trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ng t\u1edbi.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i<\/strong> <\/strong>c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u <\/strong>\u201c<\/strong>\u1ee9ng<\/strong> c\u1eed vi\u00ean<\/strong> v\u1eafc xin \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean v\u1eafc xin s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi t\u00ecm ra lo\u1ea1i v\u1eafc xin n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong s\u1ed1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u1eafc-xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 7\/100 \u1ee9ng c\u1eed v\u1eafc-xin l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n sang th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng (th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi). Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u1eafc xin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e2m s\u00e0ng, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 1\/5 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i v\u1eafc xin kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ebd l\u00e0m t\u0103ng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i v\u1eafc xin th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cho c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u01b0u ti\u00ean theo d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3<\/strong> nhi\u1ec1u<\/strong> lo\u1ea1i v\u1eafc xin kh\u00e1c nhau<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00f3\u00a03\u00a0c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ra\u00a0c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i\u00a0v\u1eafc xin. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh\u00a0c\u1ee7a 3 c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: (1) S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 vi r\u00fat hay vi khu\u1ea9n\u00a0\u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra v\u1eafc xin;\u00a0(2) Ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed\u00a0d\u1ee5ng\u00a0nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh\u00a0ph\u1ea7n\u00a0c\u1ee7a vi r\u00fat\u00a0c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng\u00a0kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch;\u00a0(3) Ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed\u00a0d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng\u00a0v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u di truy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a\u00a0vi r\u00fat nh\u1eb1m\u00a0cung c\u1ea5p cho\u00a0c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c\u00a0h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c protein c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3\u00a0(gi\u1ed1ng\u00a0protein\u00a0c\u00f3\u00a0trong vi r\u00fat) c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng\u00a0kh\u1edfi ph\u00e1t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

– V\u1eafc xin b\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t<\/em><\/strong> (Inactivated vaccine)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra v\u1eafc-xin l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c vi r\u00fat ho\u1eb7c vi khu\u1ea9n g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t, nhi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra c\u00e1c v\u1eafc xin c\u00fam v\u00e0 b\u1ea1i li\u1ec7t<\/strong>, v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i v\u1eafc xin n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1edf quy m\u00f4 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i c\u1ea5y vi r\u00fat ho\u1eb7c vi khu\u1ea9n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi th\u1eddi gian s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i d\u00e0i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n ti\u00eam nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i 2 ho\u1eb7c 3 li\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– V\u1eafc xin s\u1ed1ng gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1ef1c<\/em><\/strong> (Live-attenuated vaccine)<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c vi r\u00fat ho\u1eb7c vi khu\u1ea9n g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh c\u00f2n s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u00e0m cho suy y\u1ebfu \u0111i. V\u1eafc xin s\u1edfi, quai b\u1ecb v\u00e0 rubella<\/strong> (MMR) v\u00e0 th\u1ee7y \u0111\u1eadu <\/strong>l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i v\u1eafc xin n\u00e0y. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eafc xin b\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1edf quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i v\u1eafc xin nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– V\u1eafc xin s\u1eed<\/em><\/strong> d\u1ee5ng vi r\u00fat an to\u00e0n <\/em><\/strong>hay V\u1eafc xin vect\u01a1 vi r\u00fat (Viral vector vaccine)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i vi r\u00fat an to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a vi r\u00fat g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh (th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 protein) \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a vi r\u00fat g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0o b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t vi r\u00fat an to\u00e0n. Sau \u0111\u00f3, vi r\u00fat an to\u00e0n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e9c t\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a protein c\u1ee7a vi r\u00fat g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0o c\u01a1 th\u1ec3. Protein n\u00e0y s\u1ebd k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch. V\u1eafc xin Ebola<\/strong> l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i v\u1eafc xin vect\u01a1 vi r\u00fat v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1eafc xin cho COVID-19.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2) V\u1eafc\u00a0xin s\u1eed\u00a0d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a vi r\u00fat<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

L\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1eafc xin ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n r\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 (c\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb) c\u1ee7a vi r\u00fat ho\u1eb7c vi khu\u1ea9n m\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft. Lo\u1ea1i v\u1eafc xin n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 vi r\u00fat ho\u1eb7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng vi r\u00fat an to\u00e0n l\u00e0m trung gian chuy\u00ean ch\u1edf (vect\u01a1). C\u00e1c ti\u1ec3u \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 protein ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u1eafc xin trong l\u1ecbch ti\u00eam ch\u1ee7ng cho tr\u1ebb l\u00e0 v\u1eafc xin ti\u1ec3u \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh nh\u01b0 ho g\u00e0, u\u1ed1n v\u00e1n, b\u1ea1ch h\u1ea7u v\u00e0 vi\u00eam m\u00e0ng n\u00e3o m\u00f4 c\u1ea7u<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3)\u00a0V\u1eafc xin s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng\u00a0axit nucleic\u00a0c\u1ee7a vi r\u00fat<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1eafc xin s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 vi khu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb l\u00e0m\u00a0suy y\u1ebfu ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ebft ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t vi khu\u1ea9n, v\u1eafc xin axit nucleic ch\u1ec9 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u di truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3\u00a0cung c\u1ea5p h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cho c\u00e1c protein c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 vi khu\u1ea9n. DNA v\u00e0 RNA l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng\u00a0\u201cb\u1ea3n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u01a1\u00a0th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c\u00a0protein. DNA \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh RNA th\u00f4ng tin\u00a0(messenger RNA), t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m b\u1ea3n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c protein c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

V\u1eafc xin axit nucleic cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng DNA ho\u1eb7c mRNA, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o ra protein c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 (t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 protein c\u1ee7a vi r\u00fat g\u00e2y b\u1ec7nh) gi\u00fap h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn axit nucleic l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1eafc xin. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch COVID-19, ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i v\u1eafc-xin n\u00e0o v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua quy tr\u00ecnh ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1eafc-xin DNA, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1eafc xin ng\u1eeba b\u1ec7nh ung th\u01b0 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Do \u0111\u1ea1i d\u1ecbch, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n r\u1ea5t nhanh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1eafc xin mRNA cho COVID-19 \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p ph\u00e9p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o: \u201cThe different types of COVID-19 vaccines\u201d,\u00a0www.who.int<\/a>, 2021)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ede Y T\u1ebe TP.HCM<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 12\/2020, tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 200 \u201c\u1ee9ng c\u1eed vi\u00ean v\u1eafc xin\u201d (vaccine candidates) \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":18,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[6,61],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2838","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-ban-tin-y-te","category-covid-19"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/phongkhamdaihocypnt.edu.vn\/bantin\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2838","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/phongkhamdaihocypnt.edu.vn\/bantin\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/phongkhamdaihocypnt.edu.vn\/bantin\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phongkhamdaihocypnt.edu.vn\/bantin\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/18"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phongkhamdaihocypnt.edu.vn\/bantin\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2838"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/phongkhamdaihocypnt.edu.vn\/bantin\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2838\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2839,"href":"https:\/\/phongkhamdaihocypnt.edu.vn\/bantin\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2838\/revisions\/2839"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/phongkhamdaihocypnt.edu.vn\/bantin\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2838"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phongkhamdaihocypnt.edu.vn\/bantin\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2838"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phongkhamdaihocypnt.edu.vn\/bantin\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2838"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}